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This dataset relates to a research study examining how organizations manage repeated research collaborations, focusing on whether recurring partnerships lead to further specialization (exploitation) or to exploration of new topics. The empirical analysis draws on publicly funded R&D projects in the Spanish region of Valencia, using lexical similarity techniques to compare the content of project abstracts across repeated collaborations. Findings indicate that strong ties between partners do not always result in continued focus on the same topic, and that exploration becomes more likely when a partner can draw on a broader network of distinct contacts and access new knowledge. The dataset is published by the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC).Despite organizations’ documented tendency to repeat research collaborations with prior partners, scholarly understanding on the implications of recurring interactions for the content of the collaboration has been fairly limited. This paper investigates whether and under what conditions organizations use repeated research partnerships to explore new topics, as opposed to deepening their expertise in a single one (exploitation). The empirical analysis is based on the Spanish region of Valencia and its publicly funded R&D network. Employing lexical similarity to compare the topic and content of project abstracts, we find that strong ties are not always associated with the exploitation of the same topic. Yet, exploration is more likely when at least one of the partners mobilizes a network of distinct contacts and can access novel knowledge.